Not charging and/or the GP relay stuck.
Unless the accessories are on (lights, fan etc.) a battery should keep a diesel engine running for hours (if not days).
I would charge the battery and test:
- Meter the battery, should be ~12.5V
- With the ignition switch in the ON (run) position, but engine not running, the battery should read ~11.5V until the GP relay opens (~20sec), then back to ~12.5V.
- Meter between battery neg and blue wire at the alternator D+ terminal should be ~1.5V. The dash LED should be illuminated.
- Meter between battery neg and big red cable at alternator B+ terminal should be ~12V.
Start the engine:
- Wait ten seconds and rev the engine once to 2000rpm
- Battery voltage should read ~13.5-14.5V
- Blue wire at D+ terminal on alternator should read the same as battery
- LED on dash should not be illuminated
If these check out ok, then it is likely a connection problem with grounding.
(The black module is a condenser to suppress RFI from interfering with your AM radio... not important.)