No bendix on these starters, the solenoid kicks the gear out to engage the flywheel. Either its not doing that becaues its cold and stiff or you have missing teeth on flywheel. Probably the first, it probably isnt kicking it far enough.
Cold tranny oil WILL slow your engine down when you drop the clutch.
At -40C you will need to rev the motor up and ease the clutch out or it will stall. I used to make a point of leaving my truck's tranny in first and transfer case in nuetral when I parked overnight. Then I could run out and start it, ease out the clutch and go inside while the motor and gears warmed up. Otherwise the shift forks were too stiff to move, so you had to sit out there freezing with your foot on the clutch for a few minutes until enough engine heat made it to the tranny.