I would venture to say that it is turbo bark. Not a surge. If you let off the fuel slowly then it will not bark. Also try not to shift when on full boost. I had this happen on my dodge and matter of fact any diesel will do it when cutting fuel from full boost. Turbo still wants to spin but the air has no where to go but backwards which previous post alread said.
The shaft breaking is from a much more severe issue. Surge is bad, bark is just the turbo slowing down. If it causes that degree of damage then factory engines with factory turbos would not do it. I can not agree that bark is as bad as you are saying it is.
How is bark different from surge? They are just two different words for the same thing, too much pressure built up for the speed of the turbo.